Doctaverse

Clinical guides

Evidence-based, clinician-facing notes on the calculators, criteria and quick-references in Doctaverse. Decision support only.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Anaphylaxis Management: IM Adrenaline Dosing Cheat-Sheet

Pediatric anaphylaxis recognition and first-line IM adrenaline dosing by weight and age (0.01 mg/kg, 1:1000), plus positioning and adjuncts — a quick reference for clinicians.

Cheat sheets

Febrile Neutropenia: Pediatric Quick Reference

A clinician quick reference for pediatric febrile neutropenia — ANC definition, when it is an emergency, and the door-to-antibiotic-within-one-hour rule.

Cheat sheets

Neonatal Resuscitation (NRP 8th Edition): Algorithm Cheat-Sheet

NRP 8th edition algorithm summary — initial steps, the Golden Minute, PPV, 3:1 chest compressions and adrenaline 0.01–0.03 mg/kg IV — as a quick bedside reference for clinicians.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Dehydration Assessment: Signs, Deficit, and Rehydration

A clinician cheat-sheet for grading pediatric dehydration by clinical signs, estimating the fluid deficit, and choosing oral versus IV rehydration.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric DKA Management: Cheat-Sheet

Diagnosis, fluids and insulin for pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis — 0.05–0.1 U/kg/hr insulin, no bolus insulin, corrected sodium, and cerebral oedema red flags, per ISPAD 2022.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): Chart & Infant Modifications

Glasgow Coma Scale with pediatric and infant modifications as a side-by-side chart — eye, verbal and motor scoring, totals and severity bands — for clinicians.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric IV Fluids: Bolus and Maintenance Quick Reference

Cheat-sheet for pediatric IV fluid resuscitation boluses and Holliday-Segar maintenance rates, with isotonic fluid choice and a maintenance fluid calculator.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Normal Lab Values: Reference Ranges by Age Cheat-Sheet

Bedside pediatric lab reference ranges by age — CBC (Hb, WBC, platelets), electrolytes, renal function and liver function tests — in quick-scan tables for clinicians.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Normal Vital Signs by Age: A Quick Reference Cheat-Sheet

Bedside table of normal pediatric heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure by age band, plus fever and shock red flags for clinicians.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Resuscitation Drug Doses: PALS Cheat-Sheet

Weight-based pediatric resuscitation drug doses — adrenaline, amiodarone, atropine, adenosine, calcium and more — for cardiac arrest and peri-arrest.

Cheat sheets

Pediatric Status Epilepticus: Algorithm Cheat-Sheet

Timed pediatric convulsive status epilepticus algorithm — benzodiazepine dosing (lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg, midazolam), second-line levetiracetam/phenytoin/valproate, and RSI, per APLS/NICE.

Calculator guides

Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC): Grading Eosinophilia from the CBC Differential

Deriving the absolute eosinophil count from WBC and the eosinophil percentage, the mild/moderate/severe 500-1500-5000 per microliter grading, the hypereosinophilia threshold, a worked example, and interpretation pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC): Calculation, Grading, and Febrile Neutropenia

How to calculate the ANC from the WBC, neutrophils and bands, the CTCAE severity grades, and why fever with an ANC <500 is a treat-now emergency.

Calculator guides

Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC): From WBC and Differential to Lymphopenia Grading

Deriving the absolute lymphocyte count from WBC and lymphocyte percentage, age-dependent ranges, the infant SCID caveat, a worked example and pitfalls.

Calculator guides

AIR Score: Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Stratification

The AIR score for suspected appendicitis — its seven weighted items, the 0–12 scale, low/indeterminate/high bands, and how it compares with Alvarado and PAS.

Calculator guides

Alvarado Score (MANTRELS): Risk-Stratifying Acute Appendicitis

The Alvarado/MANTRELS score for acute appendicitis — its eight items, the 0–10 scale, the unlikely/compatible/probable bands, and why PAS is preferred in children.

Calculator guides

Alveolar–Arterial (A–a) Oxygen Gradient: Localising the Cause of Hypoxaemia

The A–a gradient — the alveolar gas equation, what a normal vs widened gradient tells you about the mechanism of hypoxaemia, a worked example, and the FiO₂ caveats.

Calculator guides

Anion Gap in Metabolic Acidosis: Albumin Correction and the Delta-Delta

Serum anion gap done properly — HAGMA vs NAGMA, why hypoalbuminemia masks a raised gap (correct +2.5 per g/dL below normal), and using the delta ratio to unmask a hidden second acid-base disorder.

Calculator guides

APGAR Score Explained: The Five Signs, the 0–10 Scale, and What It Does (and Doesn't) Tell You

The APGAR score — its five components, the 0–10 scale, 1- and 5-minute timing, and why it is a description of newborn condition, not a diagnosis of asphyxia.

Calculator guides

APLS Weight Estimation: Age-Based Formulae for the Resus Room

Age-based pediatric weight estimation (APLS / Luscombe-Owens) for emergencies — the three age-band formulae, a worked example, and when a measured weight or Broselow tape beats them.

Calculator guides

Asthma Predictive Index (API): Predicting School-Age Asthma in the Wheezing Preschooler

The Castro-Rodriguez Asthma Predictive Index — recurrent wheeze plus major and minor criteria, the stringent vs loose definitions, and how a positive or negative API informs prognosis.

Calculator guides

Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO₂): Why Haemoglobin Beats Saturation

Arterial oxygen content CaO₂ — the bound-plus-dissolved formula, why anaemia matters more than a small SaO₂ dip, its role in oxygen delivery (DO₂), and a worked example.

Calculator guides

AVPU Scale: Rapid Level-of-Consciousness Assessment in Children

The AVPU scale — Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive — for rapid pediatric consciousness assessment, how 'P' maps to roughly GCS 8 and airway risk, and when to switch to GCS.

Calculator guides

Bacterial Meningitis Score: Identifying Very-Low-Risk Children

Nigrovic's Bacterial Meningitis Score for children with CSF pleocytosis — the five predictors, why a score of 0 carries ~99.9% NPV, and the exclusions that void it.

Calculator guides

New Ballard Score: Estimating Gestational Age from Neuromuscular & Physical Maturity

How the New Ballard Score estimates gestational age from 12 maturity signs, the 24 + 0.4 × total formula, timing of the exam, and a worked example with pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Mifflin-St Jeor and Activity-Adjusted Energy Needs

The Mifflin-St Jeor BMR equation — its sex-specific formula, the five activity multipliers for total daily energy, a worked example, and why it is an adult tool not validated in children.

Calculator guides

Pediatric BMI-for-Age: Z-Scores and WHO Cutoffs Explained

Why pediatric BMI must be read as BMI-for-age z-scores, not adult thresholds — WHO cutoffs for thinness, overweight and obesity, a worked example, and caveats.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Body Surface Area (Mosteller): Why BSA, Not Weight, Drives Chemo & Fluid Dosing

The Mosteller BSA formula for children, why body surface area beats weight for chemotherapy and fluid dosing, a worked example, and the obesity-capping pitfall.

Calculator guides

BOPS Pain Scale: Three-Item Post-Operative Pain Assessment for Children 1–7

The Behavioural Observational Pain Scale — three observed domains scored 0–2, the 0–6 total, the ≥3 analgesia threshold, validated age range, and how to use it post-operatively.

Calculator guides

Calculated Serum Osmolality and the Osmolar Gap: Screening for Toxic Alcohols

Estimating serum osmolality from sodium, glucose and urea, then comparing with a measured value — the formula, when the osmolar gap points to an unmeasured osmole, a worked example, and the gap's blind spots.

Calculator guides

Centor / McIsaac Score: Pretest Probability of Strep Pharyngitis

How to use the McIsaac-modified Centor score to estimate group A strep pharyngitis risk, apply the age adjustment, and decide when to test rather than treat empirically.

Calculator guides

CHIPS: The Childhood Hodgkin International Prognostic Score Explained

The four-factor Childhood Hodgkin International Prognostic Score (CHIPS) from COG AHOD0031 mapped to 4-year event-free survival, with a worked example and pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP): MAP − ICP and the Age-Banded Targets

CPP is the net pressure driving cerebral blood flow — CPP = MAP − ICP. The formula, the absolute ≥40 mmHg floor, age-banded targets (infant ≥40, child ≥50, adolescent ≥55), and monitoring pitfalls.

Calculator guides

CHEOPS Pain Scale: Six-Item Post-Operative Pain Scoring in Children 1–7

The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale — six observed behaviours, the 4–13 total, the >4 and ≥8 thresholds, validated age range, and how to score it at the bedside.

Calculator guides

Corrected Age for Prematurity: Adjusting for Growth and Developmental Assessment

Corrected (adjusted) age for preterm infants — subtracting weeks of prematurity from chronological age, when to correct, until what age, a worked example, and the postmenstrual-age distinction.

Calculator guides

Corrected Calcium (Payne Formula): Why the SI Coefficient Is 0.02, Not 0.8

Albumin-correcting total calcium with the Payne formula in SI units — the 0.02 per g/L coefficient, when hypoalbuminemia masks true calcium, a worked example, and why ionized calcium still wins.

Calculator guides

Corrected Reticulocyte Count & Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)

Why the raw reticulocyte percentage misleads in anemia — correcting for hematocrit and reticulocyte maturation, the RPI under-2 vs over-3 marrow-response rule, a worked example, and the interpretation pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Downes Score: Grading Neonatal Respiratory Distress

How the Downes score grades newborn respiratory distress from five signs (0–10), the severity bands Doctaverse uses, a worked example, and pitfalls in interpretation.

Calculator guides

Neonatal ET Tube Depth: The Weight Regression and the 6 + Weight Cross-Check

Weight-based endotracheal tube insertion depth at the lips for neonates — the 1.17 × weight + 5.58 regression, the Tochen 6 + weight(kg) rule, and why ELBW infants need adjustment.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Endotracheal Tube Size: The Age-Based Cole/APLS Formula

Pediatric ET tube sizing — the age-based Cole/APLS formulae for cuffed and uncuffed tubes, why it doesn't apply to neonates, and always having a half-size above and below ready.

Calculator guides

Estimated Blood Volume (EBV): Age-Band mL/kg Values for Pediatrics

Estimated blood volume by age band — preterm 95, term 85, infant 80, child 75, adolescent 70 mL/kg — the base figure for transfusion, exchange and maximum-allowable-blood-loss math.

Calculator guides

FENa vs FEUrea: Prerenal vs ATN When the Patient Is on Diuretics

Fractional excretion of sodium vs urea in pediatric AKI — the <1% prerenal cutoff, why FEUrea (<35%) is needed on diuretics, and the neonatal caveat.

Calculator guides

FeverPAIN Score: Targeting Antibiotics in Sore Throat

The FeverPAIN score for streptococcal pharyngitis — its five items, the 0–5 scale, NICE prescribing bands, and why it is validated only from age 3 upward.

Calculator guides

FLACC Pain Scale: Scoring Behavioural Pain in Young and Non-Verbal Children

The FLACC behavioural pain scale — its five observed domains, the 0–10 total, the mild/moderate/severe bands, validated age range, and how to use it when a child cannot self-report.

Calculator guides

Fractional Excretion of Magnesium (FEMg): Distinguishing Renal Wasting from GI Loss

FEMg quantifies the fraction of filtered magnesium excreted in urine — the 0.7 protein-binding correction, the >2–4% renal-wasting cutoff in hypomagnesaemia, and why timing matters.

Calculator guides

Fractional Excretion of Urea (FEUrea): Prerenal vs Intrinsic AKI on Diuretics

Calculating the fractional excretion of urea from urine urea, BUN and creatinines, the under-35 percent prerenal cutoff, why it beats FENa on diuretics, plus pitfalls.

Calculator guides

LV Fractional Shortening (FS): The M-Mode Index of Systolic Function

Left-ventricular fractional shortening — the M-mode formula, the normal ~28–44% range and reduced-function bands, a worked example, and why FS is load-dependent.

Calculator guides

Free Water Deficit in Pediatric Hypernatremia: Replace Slowly or Cause Cerebral Edema

Estimating the free-water deficit to return sodium to 140 mEq/L in a hypernatremic child — the TBW formula, why correction must stay ≤0.5 mEq/L/hr and ≤10–12 per 24h, a worked example, and the cerebral-edema trap.

Calculator guides

Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR) in Neonates: Calculating mg/kg/min, TPN Loads & Dextrose Blends

How to calculate neonatal glucose infusion rate in mg/kg/min, target ranges for hypoglycemia, the 12.5% peripheral dextrose ceiling, and a worked TPN blend example.

Calculator guides

HbA1c to Estimated Average Glucose (eAG): The ADAG Conversion

Converting HbA1c to estimated average glucose with the ADAG regression eAG = 28.7 x A1c - 46.7, mg/dL and mmol/L output, a worked example, and why A1c-eAG discordance flags hemoglobinopathy or altered RBC lifespan.

Calculator guides

Holliday-Segar Maintenance Fluids: The 100/50/20 and 4/2/1 Rules

How to calculate pediatric maintenance IV fluids with the Holliday-Segar method — daily 100/50/20 and hourly 4/2/1 rules, worked example, and key caveats.

Calculator guides

Hypernatremic Dehydration in Children: Replace the Free-Water Deficit Slowly or Cause Cerebral Edema

Estimating free-water deficit and fluid replacement in a child with Na > 145 — the TBW formula, the 4 mL/kg-per-mEq bedside rule, and why correction must stay ≤0.5 mEq/L/hr over ~48h.

Calculator guides

Hyponatremic Dehydration in Children: The 8 mEq/L per 24h Correction Ceiling

Estimating safe sodium correction and fluid replacement in a child with Na < 135 — why the headline number is the rate-capped 24h target, not the full deficit, plus 3% saline for seizures.

Calculator guides

Total Iron Deficit (Ganzoni Equation): Calculating Parenteral Iron Replacement

The Ganzoni equation for total iron deficit — weight x (target - actual Hb) x 2.4 plus depot iron, the pediatric 15 mg/kg vs 500 mg stores rule, a worked example, and the single-dose-limit pitfalls.

Calculator guides

IV Flow Rate (Drip Rate): Drops per Minute and mL/hr for Pediatric Infusions

Converting an IV volume and infusion time into a drip rate (drops/min) and hourly mL rate, macrodrip vs microdrip factors, a worked example and safety pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Kocher Criteria: Septic Arthritis vs Transient Synovitis of the Hip

The four Kocher predictors for septic hip in a limping child, the original probability table from 0 to 4 predictors, and why CRP and joint aspiration still matter.

Calculator guides

Lansky Play-Performance Scale: Pediatric Functional Status from 0 to 100

The Lansky scale — the pediatric counterpart of Karnofsky, scoring functional status 0–100 in steps of 10 from caregiver-observed play, with descriptors, uses, and pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Maximum Allowable Blood Loss (MABL): The Pediatric Transfusion Trigger

MABL estimates how much blood a child can lose before transfusion — MABL = EBV × (Hct_initial − Hct_min) / Hct_initial. The formula, an age-band worked example, and the conservative variant.

Calculator guides

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): The DBP + ⅓(SBP − DBP) Estimate

MAP estimates the average perfusion pressure across the cardiac cycle — MAP = DBP + ⅓(SBP − DBP). The formula, why diastole is weighted, a worked example, and pediatric norm caveats.

Calculator guides

Mentzer Index: Screening Thalassemia Trait vs Iron Deficiency in Microcytic Anemia

MCV ÷ RBC count — the <13 thalassemia-trait / >13 iron-deficiency rule for microcytic anemia, the physiology behind it, sensitivity/specificity, and why it never replaces electrophoresis or iron studies.

Calculator guides

Mid-Parental Target Height: Estimating a Child's Genetic Growth Potential

The Tanner mid-parental height method — the boys (+13) and girls (−13) formulas, the ±8.5 cm target range, when to use it in a growth assessment, a worked example, and its limits.

Calculator guides

Neonatal Bilirubin Thresholds (AAP 2022): Phototherapy and Exchange by Hour and Gestation

The 2022 AAP hyperbilirubinemia thresholds for infants ≥35 weeks — how gestational age, postnatal hour, and neurotoxicity risk factors move the phototherapy and exchange lines, plus the escalation-of-care zone. BETA digitized curves.

Calculator guides

Oxygen Saturation Index (OSI): Grading PARDS Without an Arterial Gas

The Oxygen Saturation Index — its formula, the PALICC mild/moderate/severe bands at 5, 7.5 and 12.3, the SpO₂ ≤97% rule, and a worked example for ventilated children.

Calculator guides

Oxygenation Index (OI): The Primary PARDS Severity Metric Under PALICC-2

The Oxygenation Index — its formula, the PALICC-2 mild/moderate/severe bands, why children use OI not the Berlin P/F ratio, and a worked example.

Calculator guides

Parkland Formula for Burns: Fluid Resuscitation in the First 24 Hours

The Parkland formula for burn fluid resuscitation — 4 mL/kg/%TBSA of crystalloid, the half-in-8-hours split, the pediatric maintenance caveat, and titrating to urine output.

Calculator guides

Partial Exchange Transfusion for Neonatal Polycythemia

How to calculate the whole-blood volume to remove in partial exchange transfusion for neonatal polycythemia using the hematocrit-ratio formula, with a worked example.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS): Risk-Stratifying the Child with RLQ Pain

The Pediatric Appendicitis Score (Samuel) — its eight history, exam and lab items, the 0–10 scale, and the low / intermediate / high-risk bands that triage discharge vs imaging vs surgery.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Asthma Score (PAS): Grading the Acute Asthma Exacerbation

The Pediatric Asthma Score for acute paediatric asthma — age-banded respiratory rate plus four clinical signs on a 5–15 scale, with the mild / moderate / severe bands. Not the appendicitis PAS.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS): A Three-Item Bedside Asthma Grade

The PASS asthma score — its three exam items, the 0–6 scale, how it predicts admission in acute pediatric asthma, and where the cutoffs come from.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Blood Pressure (AAP 2017): Percentiles, Elevated BP, and Stage 1 vs Stage 2 HTN

Classifying children's blood pressure by the AAP 2017 guideline — age/sex/height percentiles under 13, absolute thresholds at 13+, plus a worked example and pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale: Scoring Consciousness in Infants and Children

GCS for pediatrics — the eye/verbal/motor breakdown, the infant-modified verbal and motor responses, the mild/moderate/severe bands, and why motor matters most in the intubated or preverbal child.

Calculator guides

PaO₂/FiO₂ (P/F) Ratio: Berlin ARDS Grading and Its Limits in Children

The P/F ratio — its formula, the Berlin mild/moderate/severe ARDS bands at PEEP ≥5, a worked example, and why children use OI/OSI instead under PALICC-2.

Calculator guides

PRAM Score: Grading Acute Pediatric Asthma and Driving Escalation

The Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) — its five signs, the 0–12 scale, mild/moderate/severe cutoffs, and how it escalates asthma treatment.

Calculator guides

Pediatric QTc: Bazett vs Fridericia, and When Bazett Misleads

How to correct the QT interval in children — Bazett vs Fridericia, the >460 ms paediatric threshold, false positives at high heart rates, and a worked example.

Calculator guides

Serum–Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG): Sorting Portal from Non-Portal Ascites

SAAG = serum albumin − ascitic albumin. A gradient ≥1.1 g/dL indicates portal hypertension with ~97% accuracy; <1.1 points to a non-portal cause. Formula, cut-off, example, pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Bedside Schwartz eGFR in Children: The k × Height / Creatinine Formula

Estimating pediatric GFR with the updated 2009 bedside Schwartz equation (k=0.413), assay caveats, a worked example, and when the formula breaks down.

Calculator guides

Silverman-Andersen Score: Grading Newborn Work of Breathing

How the Silverman-Andersen retraction score grades neonatal respiratory distress from five bedside signs (0–10), with bands, a worked example, and common pitfalls.

Calculator guides

SpO₂/FiO₂ (S/F) Ratio: Non-Invasive PARDS Grading Under PALICC-2

The S/F ratio — its formula, the PALICC-2 ≤253 non-invasive PARDS threshold, the Khemani S/F→P/F anchors (264, 221, 148), a worked example, and the SpO₂ ≤97% limit.

Calculator guides

Corrected Sodium for Hyperglycaemia: 1.6 vs 2.4 in DKA

How to correct measured serum sodium for hyperglycaemia in diabetic ketoacidosis, when to use the 1.6 versus 2.4 factor, and how it differs from pseudohyponatraemia.

Calculator guides

Stool Osmotic Gap: Separating Osmotic from Secretory Diarrhoea

Stool osmotic gap = 290 − 2 × (stool Na + stool K). A gap >100 mOsm/kg suggests osmotic diarrhoea; <50 suggests secretory. Formula, cut-offs, a worked example, and the key pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Thompson Score: Grading Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy

How the Thompson score grades neonatal HIE severity from nine bedside signs (0–22), the mild/moderate/severe bands, a worked example, and pitfalls in serial scoring.

Calculator guides

Transtubular Potassium Gradient (TTKG): Reading Renal Potassium Handling — With Caveats

Using the TTKG to assess aldosterone-driven potassium secretion in hyper- and hypokalemia — the formula, the preconditions that make it valid, a worked example, and why nephrologists now question it.

Calculator guides

Sodium Deficit in Pediatric Hyponatremia: The 8 mEq/L per 24h Ceiling and 3% Saline for Seizures

Estimating the sodium deficit to reach a target Na in a hyponatremic child — the TBW formula, why correction must stay ≤8 mEq/L/24h to avoid osmotic demyelination, and 3% saline 2 mL/kg for acute seizures.

Calculator guides

Umbilical Catheter Depth: Shukla Formula for High UAC and UVC

Estimating high umbilical artery (UAC) and umbilical vein (UVC) catheter insertion depth from birth weight with the Shukla formula, plus a worked example and pitfalls.

Calculator guides

Urine Anion Gap: Separating GI Bicarbonate Loss from Renal Tubular Acidosis

The urine anion gap (UNa + UK − UCl) as a bedside surrogate for renal NH4+ excretion in normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis — negative means GI bicarb loss, positive points to RTA.

Calculator guides

Weight-Based Dose Calculator: The mg/kg Arithmetic and Its Two Deadly Traps

A weight x mg/kg per-dose calculator with a max-dose ceiling and mg/mL volume conversion — and the two errors that cause pediatric overdoses: per-dose vs per-day, and the 250 mg/5 mL concentration trap.

Calculator guides

Westley Croup Score: Grading Severity and Guiding Dexamethasone vs Adrenaline

The Westley croup score — its five components, the 0–17 scale, mild/moderate/severe cutoffs, and how it guides dexamethasone and nebulised adrenaline.

Calculator guides

WHO Growth Z-Scores: Reading Weight, Height, Head Circumference and BMI-for-Age

WHO Child Growth Standard z-scores by the LMS method — weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, weight-for-length and head circumference, with the SAM, wasting and stunting cut-offs.

Disease A–Z

Abdominal Migraine in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric abdominal migraine — Rome IV criteria, the stereotyped paroxysmal pattern, red flags that mandate workup, and management.

Disease A–Z

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on ABPA in children — ISHAM/Rosenberg-Patterson criteria, the asthma and cystic fibrosis context, red flags, staging and corticosteroid plus antifungal management.

Disease A–Z

Allergic Rhinitis in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric allergic rhinitis — ARIA intermittent vs persistent and mild vs moderate-severe classification, diagnosis, red flags, and stepwise management.

Disease A–Z

Anaphylaxis in Children: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Recognise and treat paediatric anaphylaxis — WAO/EAACI diagnostic criteria, red flags, and first-line IM adrenaline 0.01 mg/kg (max 0.3 mg in children), repeated every 5 minutes.

Disease A–Z

Childhood Obesity: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric overweight and obesity — WHO under-5 and IAP 2015 / CDC BMI cutoffs, comorbidity screening, red flags for secondary causes, and management.

Disease A–Z

Acute Kidney Injury in Children: KDIGO Staging Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric acute kidney injury — KDIGO serum creatinine and urine-output staging 1-3, etiology, red flags, and supportive management.

Disease A–Z

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Children: Budapest Criteria Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) — the Budapest diagnostic criteria, clinical features, red flags, and a multidisciplinary management overview.

Disease A–Z

Convulsive Disorder and Epilepsy in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric seizures and epilepsy — ILAE 2014 operational definition, 2017 seizure and epilepsy classification, work-up, red flags, and management.

Disease A–Z

Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric cyclic vomiting syndrome — Rome IV criteria, stereotypical episodes, red flags, and abortive/prophylactic therapy.

Disease A–Z

Cystic Fibrosis in Children: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Diagnose paediatric cystic fibrosis — sweat chloride ≥60 mmol/L, CFTR genetics, newborn screening pathway, plus red flags and a multidisciplinary management overview.

Disease A–Z

Delayed Puberty in Boys: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on delayed puberty in boys — constitutional delay versus hypogonadism, the morning LH/FSH/testosterone and bone-age workup, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Dengue in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on paediatric dengue — WHO 2009 classification, warning signs, NS1/serology, fluid management of the critical phase, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Delayed Puberty in Girls: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on delayed puberty in girls — absent thelarche by 13, the gonadotropin and bone-age workup, karyotype for Turner syndrome, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Eosinophilic Pneumonia: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on acute and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in children — BAL eosinophil thresholds, the Philit criteria, red flags and corticosteroid-led management.

Disease A–Z

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on Duchenne muscular dystrophy — dystrophin genetics, the elevated-CK clue, the deletion/duplication-first genetic pathway, red flags, and management.

Disease A–Z

Factitious Disorder in Children: DSM-5 Monograph and Safeguarding Guide

Clinician reference on factitious disorder, including factitious disorder imposed on another (medical child abuse) — DSM-5 criteria, deception red flags, and safeguarding-led management.

Disease A–Z

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on FMF — MEFV/pyrin genetics, the short 1–3 day serositis attacks, Eurofever/PRINTO and Tel Hashomer criteria, amyloidosis, colchicine.

Disease A–Z

Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS / CAPS): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on FCAS — NLRP3/cryopyrin genetics, cold-triggered urticarial attacks under 24h, the CAPS spectrum, Eurofever/PRINTO criteria, IL-1 blockade.

Disease A–Z

Febrile Seizures: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on febrile seizures — simple vs complex definitions, AAP neurodiagnostic evaluation, when to do an LP, recurrence risk, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

The Floppy Infant: A Clinician's Approach to Neonatal Hypotonia

Concise clinician reference on the floppy infant — distinguishing central from peripheral hypotonia, the structured workup, red flags, and a localisation-driven evaluation.

Disease A–Z

Functional Abdominal Pain in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric functional abdominal pain (FAP-NOS) — Rome IV criteria, the positive-diagnosis approach, alarm features, and management.

Disease A–Z

Functional Constipation in Children: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Diagnose and manage paediatric functional constipation by Rome IV criteria — disimpaction, maintenance osmotic laxatives (PEG), red flags for organic disease, and behavioural toileting.

Disease A–Z

Functional Neurological Disorder in Children: DSM-5 Conversion Disorder Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric functional neurological (conversion) disorder — DSM-5 criteria, the positive rule-in signs, red flags, and a validating multidisciplinary management overview.

Disease A–Z

Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on pediatric GBS — Brighton case definition, albuminocytologic dissociation, IVIG/plasma exchange, and respiratory red flags.

Disease A–Z

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis): A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on HSP / IgA vasculitis — EULAR/PRINTO/PRES 2010 criteria, the tetrad of features, renal surveillance, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on HLH — a hyperinflammatory emergency. HLH-2004 criteria, ferritin and sIL-2R, the H-score, MAS overlap, and time-critical management.

Disease A–Z

Hyper-IgD Syndrome / Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (HIDS): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on HIDS/MKD — MVK genetics, infant-onset 3–7 day attacks with cervical adenopathy and vaccine triggers, Eurofever/PRINTO criteria, IL-1 blockade.

Disease A–Z

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric hypereosinophilic syndrome — the ≥1500 eosinophils plus end-organ-damage definition, clinical subtypes, red flags and a subtype-driven treatment algorithm.

Disease A–Z

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric hypersensitivity pneumonitis — the 2020 ATS/JRS/ALAT framework, fibrotic vs nonfibrotic disease, antigen avoidance, red flags and management.

Disease A–Z

Hypersensitivity Vasculitis (Cutaneous Small-Vessel Vasculitis): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on hypersensitivity / cutaneous leukocytoclastic small-vessel vasculitis — ACR 1990 criteria, drug and infection triggers, the HSP distinction, red flags, and management.

Disease A–Z

Illness Anxiety Disorder in Children: DSM-5 Diagnostic Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric illness anxiety disorder (health anxiety) — DSM-5 criteria, care-seeking vs care-avoidant types, red flags, and a reassurance-limiting management overview.

Disease A–Z

Infantile Cholestasis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on infantile cholestasis — fractionate bilirubin in any infant jaundiced beyond 2 weeks, the conjugated threshold, and biliary atresia red flags.

Disease A–Z

Infective Endocarditis in Children: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Clinician guide to paediatric infective endocarditis — the 2023 Duke-ISCVID (modified Duke) criteria, blood-culture and echo work-up, red flags, and antimicrobial strategy.

Disease A–Z

Acute Rheumatic Fever: The Revised Jones Criteria

Clinician reference on acute rheumatic fever in children — the 2015 revised Jones criteria, risk-stratified major and minor features, subclinical carditis, and secondary prophylaxis.

Disease A–Z

Juvenile Spondyloarthritis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on juvenile spondyloarthritis — ASAS axial/peripheral criteria, the ILAR enthesitis-related arthritis overlap, HLA-B27, red flags, and treat-to-target management strategy.

Disease A–Z

Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on juvenile systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) — PRES/ACR/EULAR 2007 provisional criteria, Raynaud and nailfold capillaroscopy, organ red flags, and management.

Disease A–Z

Kawasaki Disease: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on Kawasaki disease — AHA 2017 criteria for classic and incomplete KD, coronary risk, IVIG/aspirin therapy, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Lactic Acidosis in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on paediatric lactic acidosis — type A vs type B, the high-anion-gap workup, inborn-error and toxin causes, a diagnostic algorithm, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Macrophage Activation Syndrome: A Clinician's Emergency Monograph

Clinician reference on MAS (secondary HLH in systemic JIA) — the 2016 EULAR/ACR/PRINTO criteria, the falling-counts paradox, can't-miss red flags, and emergent management.

Disease A–Z

Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on pediatric nephrotic syndrome — ISKDC definition, steroid-sensitive vs resistant disease, IPNA management, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric ARDS (PARDS): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on paediatric ARDS — PALICC-2 definition, oxygenation index/OSI severity, at-risk and possible PARDS, lung-protective ventilation, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Asthma: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric asthma — GINA 2025 diagnosis via variable symptoms and expiratory airflow, red flags, and inhaled-therapy management.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Bradyarrhythmia: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Clinician guide to paediatric bradyarrhythmia — the hypoxia-first PALS bradycardia algorithm, when HR under 60 with poor perfusion demands CPR, plus red flags and management strategy.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Cardiac Arrest: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Clinician guide to paediatric cardiac arrest — the PALS arrest algorithm, shockable (VF/pVT) versus non-shockable (asystole/PEA) pathways, and the reversible H's and T's.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Hypertension: Evaluation and Workup Monograph

Clinician reference on evaluating high blood pressure in children — AAP 2017 classification, when to suspect secondary causes, the diagnostic workup, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Hypocalcemia: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric and neonatal hypocalcemia — corrected total and ionised calcium thresholds, tetany signs, ECG findings, red flags, and acute management.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Dyslipidemia: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric dyslipidaemia — NHLBI/AAP universal screening at 9-11 and 17-21 years, non-HDL/LDL cutoffs, familial hypercholesterolaemia, and management.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on pediatric IBS — Rome IV criteria, subtyping by stool form, the limited alarm-feature workup, and a biopsychosocial management approach.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on pediatric MS — 2017 McDonald criteria, dissemination in space/time, MOG-IgG and the demyelinating differential, and treatment.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Multi-Organ Dysfunction (MODS): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on paediatric multi-organ dysfunction — organ-system criteria, the 2024 Phoenix sepsis framework, recognition, red flags, and supportive management.

Disease A–Z

Childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on childhood polyarteritis nodosa — EULAR/PRINTO/PRES Ankara 2008 criteria, systemic vs cutaneous PAN, the DADA2 differential, red flags, and management strategy.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Tachyarrhythmia: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Clinician guide to paediatric tachyarrhythmia — separating sinus tachycardia, SVT and VT by QRS width on the PALS tachycardia algorithm, with red flags and management strategy.

Disease A–Z

Polycythaemia Vera: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on polycythaemia vera — WHO 2016 criteria, JAK2 mutation testing, thrombotic risk, and why it differs from neonatal and secondary polycythaemia in children.

Disease A–Z

Childhood Takayasu Arteritis: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on childhood Takayasu arteritis — EULAR/PRINTO/PRES Ankara 2008 criteria, the large-vessel pulseless phenotype, imaging, red flags, and treat-to-target management strategy.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on the Pediatric Trauma Score — Tepas six-component scoring, triage thresholds, mortality prediction, red flags, and the trauma resuscitation approach.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on childhood UTI — NICE NG224 diagnosis, atypical vs recurrent UTI, imaging strategy, antibiotics, and red flags.

Disease A–Z

Raynaud Phenomenon in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric Raynaud phenomenon — primary vs secondary, nailfold capillaroscopy and autoantibody screening, red flags for connective-tissue disease, and management.

Disease A–Z

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) — the can't-miss adrenal crisis, ACTH-cortisol diagnosis, and stress-dosing principles.

Disease A–Z

Primary Immunodeficiency in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric primary immunodeficiency (inborn errors of immunity) — the 10 warning signs, red flags, and first-line immune workup.

Disease A–Z

Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions: DSM-5 Pediatric Monograph

Clinician reference on psychological factors affecting other medical conditions in children — DSM-5 criteria, the four pathways of influence, red flags, and management overview.

Disease A–Z

Reactive Airway Disease: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on "reactive airway disease" in children — why this imprecise umbrella term is contested, how it differs from asthma and bronchiolitis, and a path to a real diagnosis.

Disease A–Z

Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome: A Clinician's Monograph

Concise clinician reference on pediatric RLS — IRLSSG 2013 five essential criteria, the iron/ferritin workup, mimics, and non-pharmacologic-first management.

Disease A–Z

Severe Malaria in Children: An A-Z Clinical Monograph

Recognise and treat paediatric severe falciparum malaria — WHO criteria (cerebral malaria, severe anaemia, hypoglycaemia, acidosis), red flags, and IV artesunate first-line.

Disease A–Z

Somatic Symptom Disorder in Children: DSM-5 Diagnostic Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric somatic symptom disorder — DSM-5 criteria, the positive diagnosis, clinical features, red flags, and a validating multidisciplinary management overview.

Disease A–Z

Suspected Mitochondrial Disease: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on suspected pediatric mitochondrial disease — multisystem red flags, the modified Walker/Bernier criteria concept, genomics-first workup, and management.

Disease A–Z

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric SLE — EULAR/ACR 2019 classification, ANA entry criterion, weighted domains, lupus nephritis red flags, and management.

Disease A–Z

Sweet Syndrome in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) — von den Driesch criteria, classical vs malignancy and drug-induced subtypes, red flags, and management.

Disease A–Z

Tall Stature in Children: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on tall stature in children — familial versus pathological causes, the midparental-height and bone-age approach, Marfan, Klinefelter and GH excess.

Disease A–Z

Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on pediatric tic disorders — DSM-5 criteria for Tourette, persistent, and provisional tic disorders, comorbidities, red flags, and tiered management.

Disease A–Z

Tonsillectomy Indications in Children: A Clinical Reference

Clinician reference on tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy in children — Paradise criteria for recurrent throat infection, OSA indications, and AAO-HNS 2019 guidance.

Disease A–Z

TRAPS (TNF Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome): A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on TRAPS — TNFRSF1A genetics, long (>1 week) attacks, migratory myalgia and periorbital oedema, Eurofever/PRINTO criteria, amyloidosis, IL-1 blockade.

Disease A–Z

Treatable Intellectual Disability: A Clinician's Monograph

Clinician reference on screening for treatable inborn errors of metabolism causing intellectual disability — the TIDE two-tier protocol, red flags, and why early testing matters.